The
importance of references in a research cannot be neglected. Academic writing
requires the author to support their opinions with reference to other published
work or experimental results/findings. A reference system will perform three
important functions:
- Enables the author to acknowledge other authors’ ideas (avoid plagiarism).
- Enables the reader to quickly locate the source of the material referred by the author for further consultation.
- Indicate to the reader the scope and depth of the author’s research.
There
are many referencing styles available depending on the field of research,
namely, APA, ASA, ACS, MLA, etc.
The
MLA i.e. Modern Language Association style may be applied in general, to the
research papers if specific field reference format is not available. The MLA
style list is given as below,
1.
Book with one author
REFERENCE: Author
last name, First name. Title. Place
of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Example: Gopal, Madan.
Control System: Principles and
Applications. New Delhi: TMH, 2001.
2.
Book with two or three authors
REFERENCE: Author(s)
last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year of publication.
Example: Gopal, Madan and Nagrath, I.J. Control System Engineering. New Delhi:
New Age Publication, 2004.
3.
Book with more than three authors
REFERENCE: First
Author Last name, First name et al. Title.
Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Example: Maini, A.K. et al. Digital Electronics. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2007.
4.
Book with an editor
REFERENCE: Editors(s)
last name, First name and last editors First name Last name. Ed(s). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year of publication.
Example: Parrish, Julia K. and Hamner, William M.
Ed(s). Animal Groups in Three Dimensions:
How Species Aggregate. Cambridge, U.K.:Cambridge University Press, 1997.
5.
Chapter in an edited book
REFERENCE: Author(s) last
name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. "Title of
chapter.” Title of Collection. Ed.
Editor(s) First name last name and last editor First name Last name. Place of
Publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Page range.
Example: Dietz, A. “Evolution.” Bee
Genetics and Breeding. Ed. T. E. Rinderer. New York: Academic Press, 1986.
3–22.
6.
Print Journal Article
REFERENCE: Author(s)
last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. "Title of
Article." Title of Journal.
volume. Issue (year): pages.
Example: Ghosh, A. and Dehuri, S. “Evolutionary
Algorithms for Multi-Criterion Optimization: A Survey”, International Journal of Computing and Information Sciences. 2.1
(2004): 38-57.
7.
E-Journal Article
REFERENCE: Author(s)
last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. "Title of
Article." Journal title Volume.
Issue (Year): Page numbers. Database. Web. Day Month Year accessed.
Example: Faris, Marc. “That Chicago Sound: Playing
with (Local) Identity in Underground Rock.” Popular
Music & Society 27.4 (2004): 429-454. EBSCOhost. Web. 5 April 2011.
8.
Print Newspaper Article
REFERENCE:
Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. Article
title. Newspaper title Day Month Year of publication, Page number.
Example: Gleeson, Jim. "Towards Holistic
Approach to School Discipline." Irish Times 10 February 2006, p.16.
9.
Online Newspaper Article
REFERENCE:
Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. Article
title. Newspaper title. Website title day Month Year of publication.
Medium of publication. Day Month Year accessed.
Example: Keenan, Dan. "North Voters Go to
Polls Today." Irish Times. The Irish Times 5 May 2010. Web. 5 May
2011.
10.
Page on a Website
REFERENCE:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name (if available). Name of Site. Day Month
Year of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. Day Month Year
accessed.
Example: Harris, Robert. "Evaluating Internet
Research Sources." VirtualSalt. 15 June 2008. Web. 27 April 2011.
11.
Website
REFERENCE: Author(s)
Last Name, First Name (if available). Name of Site. Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), Year
of resource creation (if available). Medium of publication. Day Month Year of
access.
Example: Perry Willett. Victorian Women’s
Writers Project. Indiana University, May. 2000. Web. 10 February 2006.
12.
Blog
REFERENCE:
Author(s) Last Name, First Name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of
Site, Day Month Year of publication. Medium of publication. Day Month Year
of access.
Example: Birla, Nidhika. “How to select a M.Tech.
Thesis topic.” Nidhika’s Blog, 26 January 2016. Web. 20 May 2016.
13.
E-mail Communication
REFERENCE:
Sender Last name, First name. "Subject Title of Email." Message to
the author. Day Month Year email sent. Email.
Example: Arora, S. "Re: Resume." Message
to the author. 26 February 2010. Email.
14.
Conference Paper
REFERENCE:
Author(s) last name, First name and last author’s First name Last name. “Title
of paper.” Title of conference
proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Pages. Format.
Example: Kazarlis, S. and Petridis, V. “Varying
Fitness Functions in Genetic Algorithms: Studying the Rate of Increase in the
Dynamic Penalty Terms.” Proceedings of
the 5th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature,
Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1998. 211-220. Print
15.
Thesis
REFERENCE:
Author Last name, First name. “Title.” Degree statement. Degree-awarding body,
Year. Format.
Example: Allamneni, Raghuveer. “Bacterial Foraging
Based Channel Equalizers.” M.Tech. Thesis. National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela, 2006. Print.
16.
Audio-Visual Material
REFERENCE:
Title. Dir. Director’s first name last name. Film studio/distributor,
year. Format.
Example: The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan
Singer. Polygram, 1995. Film.
17.
Unpublished Work
REFERENCE: Last Name of Author, First Name of Author. Title of
Manuscript/Document. Date of composition (at least year; if
unknown, write N.d.). Form of material (MS for manuscript or work written by
hand; TS for a typescript or work prepared by machine) along with "the
name and location of the library, research institution, or personal collection
housing the material."
Example: Henderson,
George Wylie. Baby Lou and the Angel Bud. N.d.
TS. Collection of Roslyn Kirkland Allen, New York.
18. Lecture
REFERENCE: Last Name of the Lecturer, First
Name of the Lecturer. “Title of the Lecture.” Name of Class or title of Meeting
where lecture was given. Location of the Lecture. Day Month Year of the
Lecture. Format
Indicate the format by including
"Lecture" without quotation marks.
Example: Birla,
N. "Preview Control for Nonlinear Applications." Short Term Training
Program on Nonlinear Systems and Control. National Institute of Technology,
Kurukshetra. 19 May 2016. Lecture.
If a lecture has no specific title, use
"Lecture" without quotation marks in place of the title.
I hope the above
information is useful for you all. Enjoy the professional writing methods for a
confident presentation.
Best Wishes,
Nidhika
Very nice, it really means to the ones who 're makin' it in use.
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Nice information about reference structures among different part...Very nice
ReplyDeleteBut how are use to this information in various reference style. Example - APA, MLA Style.
I requested to write the articles as per Reference style:)
The details in this article are in MLA style.
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